| Some Water and
Waste Terminology
Activated Carbon Filter: Water treatment process to
remove taste, odor, some organic compounds, and radon.
Adsorption: retention of a substance by soil particles.
Aerobic: in the presence of or requiring oxygen.
Agri-chemical: chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides)
used in agricultural production.
Algal Bloom: large, visible masses of algae found in
bodies of water during warm water.
Alkalinity: capacity of water to neutralize acids by
its content of bicarbonates, carbonates, or hydroxides.
Ambient Monitoring: performed to determine existing
environmental conditions or contaminant levels in the
environment, against which future conditions can be
compared.
Anaerobic (Anoxic): in the absence of oxygen.
Aquifer: water-bearing formation of rock or soil that
will yield useable supplies of water. May be classified
as confined or unconfined.
Artesian (Flowing) Aquifer: aquifer in which water
is held under pressure by confining layers, forcing
water to rise in wells above the top of the aquifer.
Assimilative Capacity: natural ability of soil and
water to use and decompose potential pollutants without
harmful effects to the environment.
Available Nitrogen: amount of nitrogen present as either
nitrate or ammonium, forms which can be readily taken
up by plants.
Available Water: the portion of water in soil that
can be readily absorbed by plant roots.
Background Level: amount of a substance which occurs
naturally in the environment.
Bacteria: microscopic one-celled organisms which live
everywhere and perform a variety of functions. While
decomposing organic matter in water, bacteria can greatly
reduce the amount of oxygen in the water.
Baler: machine used to compress and bind recyclables,
such as aluminum, paper, corrugated cardboard and plastics.
Bentonite: highly plastic clay consisting of the minerals
montmorillonite and beidellite that swells when wet
and is often used as a lining material to seal landfills
and lagoons.
Best Management Practice (BMP): structural or managerial
technique recognized as the most effective and practical
means of controlling pollution for an agricultural,
urban, forested, or mining area.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): laboratory measurement
of the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms while
decomposing organic matter in a product. BOD levels
are indicative of the effect of the waste on fish or
other aquatic life which require oxygen to live, and
though not a specific compound, it is defined as a conventional
pollutant under the federal Clean Water Act.
Biodegradeable: capable of being broken down (decomposed)
by microorganisms.
Black Water: liquid and solid human body waste and
the carriage water generated by toilet use.
Bottle Bill: law requiring deposits on beverage containers
(see Container Deposit Legislation).
BTX: a test for benzene, toluene, and xylene, three
organic compounds characteristically present in gasoline.
Buffer Zone: neutral area which acts as a protective
barrier separating two conflicting forces. An area which
acts to minimize the impact of pollutants on the environment
or public welfare. For example, a buffer zone is established
between a compositing facility and neighboring residents
to minimize odor problems.
Bulky Waste: large items of refuse including, but not
limited to, appliances, furniture, large auto parts,
non-hazardous construction and demolition material,
trees, branches and stumps which cannot be handled by
normal solid waste processing, collection and disposal
methods.
Buy-Back Center: facility where individuals bring recyclables
in exchange for payment.
Carcinogen: substance which causes cancer.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): laboratory measurement
of the amount of oxygen used in chemical reactions that
occur in water as a result of the addition of wastes.
A major objective of conventional wastewater treatment
is to reduce the chemical and biochemical oxygen demand.
Chlorination: addition of chlorine as a means of disinfecting
drinking water or wastewater.
Co-compositing: simultaneous composting of two or more
diverse waste streams.
Coliform Bacteria: microorganisms which typically inhabit
the intestines of warm-blooded animals. They are commonly
measured in drinking water analyses to indicate pollution
by human or animal waste.
Commercial Waste: materials originating in wholesale,
retail, institutional or service establishments such
as offices, stores, markets, theaters, hotels and warehouses.
Commingled Recyclables : mixture of several recyclable
materials in one container.
Compactor: power-driven device used to compress materials
to smaller volume.
Composting: controlled microbial degradation of organic
waste yielding an environmentally sound product with
value as a soil ammendment.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act (CERCLA): See Superfund.
Confined Aquifer: water-bearing formation whose upper
boundary is a layer which does not transmit water readily.
Contaminant: any physical, chemical, biological, or
radiological substance causing an impurity in the environment.
Corrosive: capable of eating away materials and destroying
living tissue on contact.
Corrugated: structural paper or cardboard shaped in
parallel furrows and ridges for rigidity.
Curbside Collection: program where recyclable materials
are collected at the curb, often from special containers,
to be taken to various processing facilities.
Deactivation: process in which a pesticide adheres
to a soil particle or some organic material so tightly
that it is no longer biologically available.
Decomposition: breaking down into component parts or
basic elements.
Decomposition: breaking down into component parts or
basic elements.
Decomposition Gases: produced in the breakdown of garbage
or other material. Some, such as methane, are flammable.
Degradable: capable of being chemically reduced or
broken down.
Denitrification: biochemical conversion of nitrate
(NO3) to nitrite (NO2), ammonia (NH3), and free nitrogen
(N), as in soil by microorganisms.
Dioxins: heterocyclic hydrocarbons that occur as toxic
impurities, especially in pesticides.
Discharge: flow of surface water in a stream or the
flow of ground water from a spring, ditch, or flowing
artesion well.
Disposable: manufactured to be used for a short time
and then thrown away; not durable or repairable.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO): oxygen dissolved in water and
readily available to fish and other aquatic organisms.
Diversion Rate: measure of the amount of waste material
being diverted for recycling compared with the total
amount previously thrown away.
Drawdown: vertical drop of the water level in a well
during pumping.
Drop-off Center: method of collecting recyclable or
compostible materials in which materials are taken by
individuals to collection sites and deposited into designated
containers.
Ecosystem: community of animals and plants and the
physical environment in which they live.
Effluent: discharge or emission of a liquid or gas.
Energy Recovery: conversion of waste energy, generally
through the combustion of processed or raw refuse (incineration),
to produce steam.
Erosion: natural breakdown and movement of soil and
rock by water, wind, or ice. The process may be accelerated
by human activities.
Escherichia coli (E. coli): species of coliform bacteria
that inhabit intestines of people and animals.
Eutrophication: degradation of water quality due enrichment
by nutrients, primarily nitrogen (N) and phosphorus
(P), which results in excessive plant (principally algae)
growth and decay. Low dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water
is a common consequence.
Evapotranspiration (ET): loss of water to the atmosphere
from the earth's surface by evaporation and by transpiration
through plants.
Explosive / Reactive: capable of causing an explosion
or releasing poisonous fumes when exposed to air, water,
or other chemicals.
Formulation: the combination of active and inactive
(inert) ingredients which make up a pesticide.
Fumigant: gaseous material used to destroy insects,
pathogens, or other pests in soil or grain bins.
Fungicide: substance that kills fungi.
Garbage: waste food that is thrown away, generally
defined as wet food waste. The term is also used to
describe all products discarded, regardless of their
reusability or recyclability.
Geographic Information System: computerized database
system containing natural resources and land use data
that can be used to analyze and display information
in spatial, or map, format.
Giardiasis: presence of the Giardia lamblia protozoan
in the human small intestine which can cause diarrhea.
Grey Water: wastewater other than sewage, such as sink
or washing machine drainage.
Ground Water: water in the saturated zone (below the
water table).
Half-life: time required for one-half of a specified
substance to decompose.
Hammermill: type of crusher or shredder used to break
up waste materials into smaller pieces.
Hardness: characteristic of water which describes the
presence of dissolved minerals. Carbonate hardness is
caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonate; noncarbonate
hardness is caused by calcium sulfate, calcium chloride,
magnesium sulfate, and magnesium chloride.
Hazardous Waste: solid, liquid, or gaseous substance
which, because of its source or measurable characteristics,
is classified under state or federal law as potentially
dangerous and is subject to special handling, shipping,
and disposal requirements.
Head: the height of a column of water above a standard
datum such as mean sea level.
Health Advisory (HA): non-regulatory, health-based
reference level of drinking water contaminants at which
adverse health effects are believed to be minimal. HA
levels are established for 1-day, 10-day, longer-term,
and lifetime exposure periods, and they include large
safety margins.
Heavy Metals: those metals (elements with high density,
malleability, and electrical and thermal conductivity)
that have high specific gravity and high atomic mass,
such as lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, silver, and mercury.
These may be found in the waste stream as part of discarded
items such as batteries, lighting fixtures, colorants
and inks.
Herbicide: chemical used to destroy or inhibit undesirable
plant growth.
High Grade Paper: relatively valuable paper such as
computer printout, white ledger, and tab cards. Also
used to refer to industrial trimmings at paper mills
that are recycled.
Household Hazardous Waste: discarded or usused portions
of home cleaning products, workshop and outdoor chemicals,
automotive fluids, and personal care products that contain
toxic chemicals. Products labeled WARNING, CAUTION,
POISONOUS, TOXIC, FLAMMABLE, REACTIVE, or EXPLOSIVE
are considered hazardous.
Humus: organic materials resulting from decay or plant
or animal matter. Also referred to as compost.
Hydrologic Cycle: the movement of water in and on the
earth and atmosphere through processes such as precipitation,
evaporation, runoff, and infiltration.Hydrology: science
dealing with the properties, distribution, and flow
of water on or in the earth.
Hydrolysis: reaction of a water molecule with another
larger molecule, resulting in the splitting of the larger
molecule.
Ignitable: capable of burning or causing a fire.
In-vessel Composting: method in which the compost material
is continuously and mechanically mixed and aerated in
a large, contained area.
Incinerator: facility in which the combustion of solid
waste takes place.
Industrial Waste: materials discarded from industrial
operations or derived from manufacturing processes.
Infiltration: entry of water from precipitation, irrigation,
or runoff into the soil profile.
Inorganic Chemicals: natural or synthetic chemicals
that contain no carbon.
Insecticide: substance that kills insects.
Institutional Waste: material originating in schools,
hospitals, prisons, research institutions, and other
public buildings.
Integrated Solid Waste Management: practice of using
several alternative waste management techniques to manage
and dispose of specific components of the municipal
waste stream. Waste management alternatives include
source reduction, recycling, composting, energy recovery,
and landfilling.
Intermediate Processing Center (IPC): type of materials
recovery facility (MRF) that processes residentially
collected mixed recyclables into new products available
for market; often used interchangeably with MRF.
Landfill: see Sanitary Landfill.
Leaching: movement through soil of dissolved or suspended
substances in water.
Lethal Dose (LD): amount of a substance required to
cause death in an organism.
Loading: amount of a substance entering the environment
(soil, water, or air).
Manual Separation: sorting of recyclables or compositable
materials from waste by hand sorting.
Mass Burn: municipal waste combustion technology in
which solid waste is burned in a controlled system without
prior sorting or processing.
Materials Market: combination of manufacturing interests
which buy recyclable materials and process them for
reuse. The demand for goods made of recycled materials
determines the economic feasibility of recycling and
resource recovery.
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF): facility that separates
and processes recyclable materials for sale to an end
user.
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL): enforceable EPA standard
for the maximum permissible concentration of a contaminant
in public water supplies. An MCL is set after considering
health effects as well as the feasibility and cost of
analysis and treatment of the regulated contaminant.
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG): preliminary
standard based entirely on health effects which is used
by EPA to establish the MCL for a contaminant. For a
chemical believed to cause cancer, the MCLG is zero.
Mechanical Separation: sorting of waste into various
components using mechanical means, such as cyclones,
trommels, and screens.
Metabolites: breakdown chemical products resulting
when a pesticide passes through a biological system.
Methane: odorless, colorless, flammable and explosive
gas produced by municipal solid waste undergoing anaerobic
decomposition. Methane is emitted from municipal solid
waste landfills.
Mineral Water: contains large amounts of dissolved
minerals such as calcium, sodium, magnesium, and iron.
Some tap waters contain as many or more minerals than
some commercial mineral waters. There is no scientific
evidence that either high or low mineral content water
is beneficial to humans.
Mineralization: microbial conversion of an element
from an organic (containing carbon) to an inorganic
(not containing carbon) state.
Modular Incinerator: small-scale waste combustion units
prefabricated at a manufacturing facility and transported
to the MWC facility site.
Most Probable Number (MPN): statistical expression
for estimating the number of microorganisms in a culture
or a volume of water.
Mulch: natural or artificial layer of plant residue
pr pther material covering the land surface which conserves
soil moisture, holds soil in place, aids in establishing
plant cover, and minimizes temperature fluctuations.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): non-hazardous discarded
material generated in residential, commercial, institutional,
and light industrial settings. It is defined by local
governments, and in general does not include automobile
oil, tires, lead-acid batteries, hazardous or infectious
wastes, demolition debris, etc.
NIMBY: acronym for "Not In My Back Yard"
which is an expression of resident opposition to the
siting of a solid waste facility based on the particular
location proposed.
Nitrification: biochemical oxidation of ammonia (NH3),
ammonium (NH4), or atmospheric nitrogen (N) to nitrate
(NO3) or nitrite (NO2).
No Observeable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL): chemical
exposure dose or level producing no observeable adverse
effect in long-term toxicity studies. This level is
used to establish a tolerance for human consumption.
Nondischarge Systems : wastewater disposal systems
that do not discharge to surface waters, such as spray
irrigation, land application, or conventional septic
systems.
Nonpoint Source (NPS) Contamination: : water contamination
derived from diffuse sources such as construction sites,
agricultural fields, and urban runoff.
Nuisance Contaminant: constituents in water which are
not normally harmful to health but may cause offensive
taste, odor, color, corrosion, foaming, or staining.
Nutrient: element essential for plant or animal growth.
Major nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon,
oxygen, sulfur, and potassium.
Organic Compound: any carbon-based substance, including
some petroleum products, solvents, pesticides, and halomethanes.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are those which are
readily vaporized; a number of these are known or probable
carcinogens.
Oxygen Demand: materials such as food waste and dead
plant or animal tissue that use up dissolved oxygen
in the water when they are degraded through chemical
or biological processes. Chemical and biochemical oxygen
demand (COD and BOD) are measures of the amount of oxygen
consumed when a substance degrades.
Package Treatment Plant: prefabricated, small-scale
wastewater treatment system used in subdivisions or
trailer parks.
Pathogen: disease-causing biological agent such as
a bacterium, virus, or fungus.
Percolation: movement of water through soil or rock.
Permeability: capacity of soil, sediment, or porous
rock to transmit water.
Persistence: resistance to degradation as measured
by the period of time required for complete breakdown
of a material. Depends on temperature, pH, soil type,
light intensity, etc.
Pesticide: substance used for controlling, destroying,
or repelling a specific pest. Includes fungicides, herbicides,
insecticides, nematicides, rodenticides, defoliants,
and plant growth regulators.
Photodegradeable: capable of being broken down (decomposed)
by a chemical reaction initiated by direct exposure
to the sun's ultraviolet radiation.
pH: numerical measure of acidity, with a scale of 0
to 14. Neutral is pH 7, values below 7 are acidic, and
values above 7 are alkaline.
Point-of-entry(POE): water treatment system located
at the entry point to the home which treats all water
used in the home.
Point-of-use: water treatment system located at the
tap which treats only water used from the tap.
Point Source Contamination: water contamination from
specific sources such as leaking underground storage
tanks, landfills, industrial waste discharge points,
or chemical mixing sites.
Pollution: presence of a contaminant to such a degree
that the environment (land, water, or air) is not suitable
for a particular use.
Polychlorinated Byphenyl (PCB): hazardous compound
(suspected carcinogen) used for electrical insulation
and heating/cooling equipment which has been found in
air, soil, water, and fish across the country.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): recyclable plastic
used to make bottles such as soda bottles. Recycled
PET is used in car bumpers, furniture, skis, surfboards,
carpet yarn, polyester fiber, films and sheets, and
molded parts.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): common plastic material which
releases hydrochloric acid when burned.
Post-Consumer Recycling: reuse of materials generated
from residential and commercial waste; excludes recycling
of material from industrial processes that has not reached
the consumer, such as glass broken in the manufacturing
process.
Post-Consumer Waste: material discarded by a business
or residence that has fulfilled its useful life.
Potable: suitable for drinking.
Primary Drinking Water Standards: enforceable EPA standards
which establish MCLs for drinking water contaminants
after considering health effects and the feasibility
and cost of analysis and treatment of regulated contaminants.
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW): wastewater treatment
facility supported by public funding.
Pyrolysis: chemical decomposition of a material by
heat in the absence of oxygen.
Radon: colorless, odorless, tasteless, radioactive
gas.
Receiving Waters : bodies of water that receive runoff
or wastewater discharges, such as rivers, streams, lakes,
estuaries, and ground water.
Recharge: downward movement of water through soil to
ground water.
Recharge Area: land area over which precipitation infiltrates
into soil and percolates downward to replenish an aquifer.
Recyclables: materials that still have useful physical
or chemical properties after serving their original
purpose and that can be reused or remanufactured into
additional products, thereby serving as substitutes
for raw materials.
Recycling: process by which materials otherwise destined
for disposal are collected, reprocessed or remanufactured,
and reused. Mandatory recycling programs require by
law that consumers separate trash so that some or all
recyclable materials are not burned or dumped in landfills.
Refractory: material able to withstand dramatic heat
variations which may be used to construct conventional
combustion chambers in incinerators.
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF): product of a mixed waste
processing system in which certain recyclable and non-combustible
materials are removed, and the remaining combustible
material is converted for use as a fuel to create energy.
Densified Refuse Derived Fuel (d-RDF) results when the
fuel is processed to form briquettes, pellets, or cubes.
Residential Waste: materials generated in single and
multiple-family homes.
Residue: materials remaining after processing, incineration,
composting, or recycling have been completed; normally
disposed of in landfills.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): federal
legislation related to hazardous waste (Subtitle C),
solid, non-hazardous waste (Subtitle D), and the recovery
and use of recycled materials and energy (Subtitle F).
Resource Recovery: extraction and utilization of materials
and energy from the waste stream.
Reuse: use of a product, such as a softdrink bottle,
in its original form more than once for the same purpose.
Reverse Osmosis (RO):water treatment process in which
contaminants are removed by forcing water through a
membrane having microscopic holes that allow water molecules,
but not larger compounds, to pass through. RO units
do not remove all chemicals, and they generally discharge
more than half of the total water as waste.
Roll-off Container: large waste container that fits
onto a tractor trailer and can be loaded and unloaded
hydraulically.
Runoff: the portion of precipitation, snow melt, or
irrigation which flows over and through soil, eventually
reaching surface water (streams, rivers, lakes).
Safe Drinking Water Act(SDWA): passed by Congress in
1974, and ammended in 1986, to insure safe drinking
water. It directs the EPA to establish and enforce water
quality standards to protect public health.
Salinity: quality of water based on its salt content;
seawater contains approximately 18,000 parts per million
of salt.
Sanitary Landfill: solid waste disposal site where
waste is spread in layers, compacted, and covered with
soil or other cover materials each day to minimize pest,
aesthetic, disease, air pollution, and water pollution
problems. Modern sanitary landfills are equipped with
leachate collection and monitoring systems and methane
gas controls and are operated in accordance with environmental
protection standards.
Saturated Zone: portion of the soil or rock profile
in which all pores are filled with water.
Scavenger: one who illegally removes materials at any
point in the solid waste management system.
Scrap: discarded or rejected industrial waste material
often suitable for recycling.
Scrubber: anti-pollution device that uses a liquid
or slurry spray to remove acid gases and particulates
from municipal waste combustion facility flue gases.
Secondary Drinking Water Standards: EPA guidelines
for establishing Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels
(SMCLs), non-enforceable standards for nuisance contaminants
that cause offensive taste, odor, color, corrosion,
foaming, and staining.
Secondary Material: used in place of a primary or raw
material in manufacturing a product.
Sediment: eroded soil and rock material, and plant
debris, transported and deposited by water.
Septic Tank: sewage disposal tank in which a continuous
flow of waste material is decomposed by anaerobic (in
the absence of oxygen) bacteria.
Signal Word: warning required by the Federal Hazardous
Substances Act of 1960 to be used on the label of a
hazardous substance. Examples include DANGER, WARNING,
CAUTION, and POISON.
Sludge: heavy, slimy residue remaining from the treatment
of municipal and industrial water and wastewater. Digested
sewage sludge remains after decomposition under controlled
temperature, pH, and mixing in a digester tank.
Softening: process of removing hardness caused by calcium
and magnesium minerals from water.
Soil Liner: landfill liner composed of compacted soil
or synthetic material designed to assist in containment
of leachate.
Solid Waste Management: related to storage, collection,
transportation, treatment, utilization, processing,
and final disposal of solid waste or resource recovery,
and facilities necessary for such activities.
Solubility: amount of a substance that will dissolve
in a given amount of another substance, typically water.
Soluble: capable of being dissolved easily.
Solvent: liquid capable of dissolving another substance.
Source Reduction: design, nanufacture, acquisition,
and reuse of materials so as to minimize the quantity
and/or toxicity of waste produced. Waste is eliminated
by redesigning products or by otherwise changing societal
patterns of consumption, use, and waste generation.
Source Separation: segregation of specific recyclable
materials at the point of generation for separate collection;
often part of a curbside recycling program.
Special Waste: items that require special or separate
handling, such as household hazardous waste, bulky waste,
tires, and used oil.
Static Water Level: water level in a well before pumping.
Superfund: common name for the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) designed
to clean up abandoned or inactive hazardous waste dump
sites.
Tipping Fee: Charge, usually in dollars per ton, for
the unloading or dumping of waste at a landfill, transfer
station, recycling center, or waste-to-energy facility,
also called a disposal or service fee.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): concentration of all
substances dissolved in water (solids remaining after
evaporation of a water sample).
Toxic Substance (Toxicant): harmful to plant or animal
life, either immediately (acute toxicity) or over a
long time period (chronic toxicity).
Transfer Station: site where waste materials are taken
and temporarily stored after collection, pending shipment
to a disposal site or resource recovery facility. Recycling
and some processing may also take place at transfer
stations.
Transmissivity: rate at which water passes through
a unit width of an aquifer.
Trash: Material considered worthless, unnecessary or
offensive that is usually thrown away. In common usage,
it is a synonym for garbage, rubbish or refuge.
Tub Grinder: Machine to grind or chip wood wastes for
mulching, composting or size reduction.
Turbidity: measure of water cloudiness due to suspended
solids.
Unconfined (Water Table) Aquifer: water-bearing formation
whose upper boundary is the water table (as opposed
to a confining layer).
Unsaturated Zone: portion of the soil profile which
contains both air and water. Water in this zone cannot
enter a well.
Vector: a carrier, typically an insect or rodent, capable
of transmitting a disease.
Virgin Material: raw materials which have never been
processed in a manufacturing system, usually requiring
more energy to produce than when substituted for by
recyclable materials.
Volatilization: conversion of substance to gaseous
form.
Volume Reduction: the processing of waste materials
so as to decrease the amount of space the materials
occupy, usually by compacting or shredding (mechanical),
incineration (thermal), or composting (biological).
Waste Exchange: a computer and catalog network that
redirects waste materials back into the manufacturing
or reuse process by matching companies generating specific
waste with companies that use those wastes as manufacturing
inputs.
Waste Stream: the total waste generated by all contributors
(households, industry, government) in a particular area
(city, county, state).
Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP): facility that treats
wastewater (and sometimes runoff) from domestic and/or
industrial sources by a combination of physical, chemical,
and biological processes.
Water Table: top of an unconfined aquifer, below which
the pore spaces are saturated with water.
Watershed (Drainage Basin): all land and water that
drains runoff to a stream or other surface water body.
Waterwall Incinerator: waste combustion facility using
lined steel tubes filled with circulating water for
cooling. Heat from the combustion gases is transferred
to the water, and the resultant steam is sold or used
to generate electricity.
Wetlands: areas that are regularly wet or flooded and
have a water table that stands at or above the land
surface for at least part of the year. Coastal wetlands
extend back from estuaries and include salt marshes,
tidal basins, marshes, and mangrove swamps. Inland freshwater
wetlands consist of swamps, marshes, and bogs.
White Goods: Large household appliances such as refrigerators,
stoves, air conditioners and washing machines.
Windrow: A large, elongated pile of composting material.
Yard Waste: Leaves, grass clippings, prunings, and other
natural organic matter discarded from yards and gardens.
Zoning: designation by ordinances of areas of land
reserved and regulated for different land uses; a type
of regulatory ordinance based on a land use plan.
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